Exploring Business Opportunities
About me
Hyeongkeol Nam
Mingle Labs
Hyperconnect · Scatter Lab
Built AI and social products at both
All in on AI wrappers
Two years of shipping, failing and learning at Mingle Labs
HashChat
Formerly Mingle. Nonstop, real-time interpreting across 3+ languages

Contents
1. AI Wrapper Case Studies
Definition
What is a wrapper?
“Software built by putting
a UI on top of a foundation
model like GPT.”
OVERVIEW
15 AI wrapper categories
with real revenue
We’ll take a closer look at the four highlighted fields
CHARACTER
Field 01Character Chat
Crack
SpicyChat.AI
JanitorAI
Talkie
CHARACTER
One of the hottest fields
Character.AI started it
Founded by ex-Google stars
Rejoined Google in a $2.7B deal
CHARACTER
How big is
character chat?
CHARACTER
At its core, character chat is
spicy stories & dopamine
CHARACTER
In Korea, Zeta beat
YouTube on time spent
CHARACTER
Global apps only sell subscriptions: thin revenue
Korean apps squeeze the dopamine
and charge about 7¢ a turn
CHARACTER
History of
Character Chat
Key: model quality
From the C.AI launch to Google’s deal in Aug ’24
Key: content supply
A race for killer content, ended by C.AI’s bankruptcy
CHARACTER
What matters in Phase 3
The creator ecosystem
CHARACTER
Like webtoons,
it all comes down
to the business model!
CHARACTER
Where is this field headed?
Merged with webtoons and shorts, it could grow 10x or more
Expect a crowded field, and keep an eye out for a hectocorn
CHARACTER
My take:
the hidden opportunity
Local-model businesses
Inference cost is the margin
Per-turn pricing brings revenue, but API bills eat the profit
General models limit content
The product is spicy storytelling, yet Big Tech APIs play it safe
Serve character-tuned models
Tune open models for role-play, then serve them yourself or on-device
AGGREGATOR
Field 02AI Aggregators
Higgsfield
AGGREGATOR
One API and one bill
for countless AI models
and infrastructure
AGGREGATOR
How big is
aggregators?
AGGREGATOR
Aggregators take a 5% cut
much like Stripe or Visa
AGGREGATOR
The core job: serving
countless open models
reliably
AGGREGATOR
In practice,
the two blur together
Pure Aggregators
Higgsfield
vs
Inference Provider
Replicate
WaveSpeed
Together
Baseten
Fireworks
AGGREGATOR
Aggregators route
traffic across
inference providers
Inference providers
Replicate
WaveSpeed
Together
Baseten
Fireworks
AGGREGATOR
My take:
the hidden opportunity
Character chat & contents
Open source keeps prices stable
With per-turn pricing, cheaper inference is the edge
Reliable open-model serving
Hop across providers without downtime
Free choice of approved models
Pick models without being bound by general API policies
NOTES
Field 03Note-taking
Countless note-taking apps
NOTES
How big is
note-taking?
NOTES
Everyone is making money
and growing fast
About 10% growth every week
NOTES
The endgame:
owning the
context layer
NOTES
My take:
the hidden opportunity
Messaging
Notes are only part of it
Most work context lives in chats, not meetings
Own the context layer
Owning where conversations happen creates workflow lock-in
AI-native from day one
Grow into a messenger with summaries, to-dos and search built in
DIET
Field 04AI Diet Tracking
Foodvisor
SnapCalorie
Rex.fit
CORE FEATURE
Snap a photo,
get calories and macros
Food is recognized from the photo, and calories and macros are logged automatically.
DIET
How big is
AI diet tracking?
DIET
Another red-hot field
Cal AI started it
DIET
Fully paid from day one
and still hugely popular
Inference costs make it paid-only anyway
DIET
Where is this field headed?
Likely absorbed as one feature of the vast healthcare industry
Linking into other healthcare workflows will be key
DIET
My take:
the hidden opportunity
Medical consultations
Your data is the asset
Daily meal and weight logs are where consultations begin
From prevention to care
Like Pomellow (eating disorders), Noom and Counsel Health
In Korea, check the rules
Telemedicine rules apply, so start with non-medical coaching or abroad
VTUBER
One more:
AI VTubers
Becoming a VTuber is still too hard
2D rigging, 3D modeling, mocap studios: costly and slow
Generative models are collapsing the pipeline
Bringing models like Wan Animate and DreamActor to live streams
Go live from one photo
Virtually starts a stream from a single image in 10 seconds
VTUBER
The key:
simpler character creation
Live AI animation · vibe rigging
Animate one image with generative models, or let AI handle rigging
IRIAM proved the demand
Simple avatar streaming alone: 6.21M downloads, ¥8.5B+ in annual revenue
VTUBER
1/200 the cost,
live in 10 seconds
VTUBER
How big is
AI VTubers?
MY VIEW
Five ideas
worth pursuing
Character chat → local-model businesses
Aggregators → character chat & content
Note-taking → messaging
AI diet tracking → medical consultations
AI VTubers
STUDY
More fieldsAI Study Helpers
Photomath
Gauth
BROWSER
More fieldsBrowsers
Perplexity Comet
Ego Lite
LANGUAGE
More fieldsLanguage Learning
Speak
heyring
PHOTO
More fieldsPhoto Editing
FaceApp
EXPERT
More fieldsProfessional
Services
Harvey
Norm AI
Legora
Pilot
Counsel Health
Rogo
Hebbia
AlphaSense
Inkle
Maxed
Cranston
Black Ore
FORTUNE
More fieldsFortune Telling
Personalized LLM readings and pay-per-consult
are a natural fit
Forceteller
Jeomsin
Hellobot
Co–Star
SUMMARY
More fieldsYouTube
Summaries
Video summaries are becoming a Big Tech default
Survival means tying into notes and study
Lilys AI
Eightify
NoteGPT
CLIPS
More fieldsShorts &
Highlights
Auto-cutting long-form into short-form
growing with the creator economy
OpusClip
Vizard
Vrew
AlphaCut
PHOTOS
More fieldsPhoto
Management
AI apps to search, clean up and organize photos
Big Tech has the OS and cloud advantage
Swipewipe
Cleanup
Clever Cleaner
Slidebox
Google Photos
Apple Photos
KNOWLEDGE
More fieldsWorkplace
Search
Search scattered docs and chats, permissions intact
The front line of the context-layer race
Glean
Notion AI
Guru
2. What Comes Next
Limits
AI wrappers
create real value
but have no moat
“If your startup's core value proposition can be cloned in a weekend, you don’t have a business, you have a feature.”
“당신 스타트업의 핵심 가치가 주말 사이에 똑같이 복제될 수 있다면, 당신은 비즈니스를 가진 게 아니라 단지 하나의 '기능'을 가졌을 뿐이다.”
- Andrew Ng
Limits
Elad Gil argues
moats can
come later
“Serving a customer need well is often more important (and harder) to think about than defensibility.”
“해자에 대한 생각보다는 고객 문제를 잘 푸는 게 중요하다.”
- Elad Gil
MOAT
Wrapper first,
moat next
“The mistake isn't building an AI wrapper — the mistake is staying one.”
“AI 래퍼(Wrapper)로 시작하는 것이 실수가 아니라, 끝까지 AI 래퍼 상태로 남아있는 것이 실수다.”
- Paul Graham
VISION
Where I think we should aim
"Ambient AI"
Ambient means “all around you.”
VISION
Design Principles
of Ambient AI
Workflow Integration
Weave AI naturally into the customer’s workflow
Always-On Intelligence
Offer AI help automatically, as naturally as breathing
GUI to CUI
Replace complex GUIs with conversation
WORKFLOW INTEGRATION
First,
workflow integration
Workflow Integration
Always-On Intelligence
GUI to CUI
Workflow Integration
Let’s recall how software was built
until summer 2024, before Cursor took off
Workflow Integration
AI was already
helping a lot with coding
ChatGPT
Workflow Integration
“Developers are done”
was already a familiar line.
ChatGPT
Workflow Integration
But to get that help, you had to
copy and paste code by hand.
VS Code
ChatGPT
Workflow Integration
Cursor’s team spotted this
and built AI into the editor
VS Code
ChatGPT
Cursor
Workflow Integration
Then vibe coding took off,
just from the right integration.
Cursor
Always-On Intelligence
Second,
AOI
Workflow Integration
Always-On Intelligence
GUI to CUI
Always-On Intelligence
In April, X’s auto-translate
took the world by storm
Always-On Intelligence
It just flipped the old
“Show translation” button on
↓
Always-On Intelligence
Yet people loved it
Why?
Always-On Intelligence
Because it saved them
a single click
The bigger reason may be X’s recommender becoming i18n-aware.
That worked because X rebuilt its recommender to be AI-native a year earlier.
Always-On Intelligence
Users found even
one click too much
Always-On Intelligence
A feature that needs a click
was practically no feature at all
Always-On Intelligence
Still, auto-applied AI
isn’t always a win
Always-On Intelligence
iPhone autocorrect fails
Always-On Intelligence
Smarter AI will get it right on its own
Until then, designers have to design it right
GUI to CUI
Third,
GUI to CUI
Workflow Integration
Always-On Intelligence
GUI to CUI
GUI to CUI
One reason vibe coding feels easy:
no more fighting GUI complexity
GUI to CUI
App Store releases,
AWS setup: same story
Even inviting internal testers in App Store Connect, it’s hard to find where the invite code comes from
GUI to CUI
AI solves exactly this
Once things get complex, CUI wins by far
GUI to CUI
Same with Google Ads:
editing an ad is a maze
GUI to CUI
Same when a banking app frustrates you
you end up calling support
Why?
GUI to CUI
Same when a banking app frustrates you
you end up calling support
to solve it in a conversational UI.
GUI to CUI
GUI to CUI alone means
browsers and OSes
must go AI-native!
Comet
Ego Lite
macOS
Ambient AI
In short,
whoever nails Ambient AI
in their domain survives
Workflow Integration
Always-On Intelligence
GUI to CUI
Ambient AI
Sometimes an AI wrapper
eats the existing
workflow
Ambient AI
But incumbents may
reach Ambient AI
first
Opportunity
So what should
AI wrapper startups do?
Opportunity
1. Solve a real problem with a sharp wrapper
Opportunity
1. Solve a real problem with a sharp wrapper
2. Grow into that domain’s Ambient AI
Opportunity
My biggest bet:
AI-native messaging
Opportunity
AI plus messaging and social
will transform most industries
Social
Opportunity
Clayton Christensen
The Innovator’s Dilemma
The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail
"The reason is that good management itself was the root cause."
"실패의 근본 원인은 바로 훌륭한 경영 그 자체였다."
- Clayton M. Christensen
Opportunity